Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. While most ovarian cysts are harmless and go away on their own, some may cause pain, irregular periods, or complications. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help women make informed decisions about their reproductive health.
Dr. Preeti P. Chauhan, a leading Consultant Obstetrician & Gynecologist in Gurgaon, specializes in diagnosing and treating ovarian cysts. This blog provides insights into ovarian cysts, their impact on health, and available treatment options.
What Are Ovarian Cysts?
The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and play a key role in hormone production and egg release. Ovarian cysts are common in women of reproductive age and can form due to hormonal fluctuations.
These cysts are typically benign (non-cancerous) and may resolve without medical intervention. However, persistent or large cysts may require medical attention.
Types of Ovarian Cysts
Ovarian cysts are categorized into functional and pathological cysts based on their origin.
1. Functional Cysts (Most Common & Harmless)
These cysts develop as part of the normal menstrual cycle and often disappear within a few cycles.
- Follicular Cysts – Form when an egg fails to release from the follicle during ovulation.
- Corpus Luteum Cysts – Occur after ovulation when the follicle fails to dissolve.
2. Pathological Cysts (May Require Treatment)
These cysts are unrelated to the menstrual cycle and may need medical attention.
- Dermoid Cysts – Contain tissues like hair, skin, or fat; typically non-cancerous.
- Endometriomas (Chocolate Cysts) – Develop in women with endometriosis and contain thick, dark blood.
- Cystadenomas – Grow on the ovary’s surface and may become large and painful.
- Polycystic Ovaries (PCOS-Related Cysts) – Small cysts linked to hormonal imbalances and irregular periods.
Causes of Ovarian Cysts
Several factors contribute to the formation of ovarian cysts:
- Hormonal Imbalances – Excess estrogen or irregular ovulation.
- Pregnancy – Some cysts develop during early pregnancy but usually resolve.
- Endometriosis – Tissue growth outside the uterus leads to painful cysts.
- Pelvic Infections – Severe infections may spread to the ovaries, causing cysts.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Causes multiple small cysts and disrupts ovulation.
Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
Many ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and detected during routine check-ups. However, larger cysts may cause:
- Pelvic Pain – Dull or sharp pain on one side of the lower abdomen.
- Bloating or Fullness – A feeling of pressure in the abdomen.
- Irregular Periods – Heavy or missed periods.
- Painful Intercourse – Discomfort during sexual activity.
- Frequent Urination – If a cyst presses on the bladder.
- Nausea or Vomiting – In rare cases, especially if a cyst ruptures.
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain
- Fainting or dizziness
- Fever along with pelvic pain
These symptoms could indicate ruptured cysts or ovarian torsion, which require urgent care.
Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts
Early detection helps in managing cysts effectively. Dr. Preeti P. Chauhan recommends:
- Pelvic Examination – Detects unusual growths.
- Ultrasound Scan – Confirms cyst size, location, and type.
- Hormonal Tests – Checks for hormonal imbalances.
- CA-125 Blood Test – Evaluates the risk of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women.
Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts
Treatment depends on the type, size, and symptoms of the cyst.
1. Watchful Waiting (No Immediate Treatment Required)
- Small, functional cysts often disappear within a few months.
- Regular monitoring through ultrasounds ensures no complications.
2. Medications (Hormonal Therapy)
- Birth Control Pills – Prevent new cysts by regulating ovulation.
- Hormonal Therapy – Helps in managing PCOS-related cysts.
3. Surgical Removal (If Required)
Surgery is recommended for:
- Large cysts (>5 cm) that cause pain or do not resolve.
- Cysts with suspicious features (potential cancer risk).
- Persistent cysts affecting fertility or daily life.
Types of Surgeries:
- Laparoscopy (Minimally Invasive Surgery) – Removes small cysts with minimal scarring and quick recovery.
- Laparotomy (Open Surgery) – Performed for large or suspicious cysts.
Can Ovarian Cysts Affect Fertility?
Most ovarian cysts do not impact fertility, but certain conditions like endometriomas and PCOS may make conception difficult. Early diagnosis and treatment improve reproductive health outcomes.
- PCOS management with lifestyle changes, hormonal therapy, and ovulation-inducing medications can enhance fertility.
- Surgical removal of endometriomas may be recommended for women planning pregnancy.
Preventing Ovarian Cysts
While ovarian cysts cannot always be prevented, the following steps help maintain reproductive health:
- Regular Gynecological Check-Ups – Early detection and monitoring.
- Maintaining a Healthy Weight – Helps regulate hormonal balance.
- Balanced Diet & Exercise – Reduces the risk of PCOS-related cysts.
- Managing Stress – Supports hormonal stability.
- Using Birth Control Pills – Prevents functional cyst formation.
Ovarian cysts are common and usually harmless, but persistent or painful cysts require medical attention. Early diagnosis and proper treatment ensure optimal reproductive health.
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